The Crucible Film Essay - 1267 Words

The Crucible Film The Crucible; an intensely emotional and dramatic film based on the horrific story of the Salem witch trials. The opening and concluding sequences are of great importance in conjuring the melancholy atmosphere present throughout the story. The director uses various different devices to achieve this. A variety of camera techniques are used throughout the beginning sequence to enhance the mood and involve the audience. Camera techniques are harmonized with lighting effects to culminate this dramatic scene. I will begin by discussing examples of this. In the village, many close-ups and long shots are used to enhance facial expression and to set the sombre mood. Opening†¦show more content†¦Intermittent between tracking shots, the camera is set behind trees or branches as it follows the girls, as if they are being secretly monitored. When the girls are casting the spell, close-ups and fast paced pan shots are used to conjure a feeling of chaos and frenzy. Intermittent switching between shots further emphasizes this. For example; the camera switches from shots of the dancing girls to the tracking of Parris searching for them. This creates anxiety and prepares the audience for the scenes climax; Abigails uninhibited violence. Lighting and sound are another two key factors that can be manipulated to heighten the dramatic value of the scene. With the opening of the first sequence, the musical motif that accompanies Abigail throughout the film begins to play as she is introduced. It follows her emotions, the tempo increasing as she hurries to ready herself and creep out of the house. As the forest comes into view, the eerie surroundings are complemented by the change in music. Wind instruments accompany drums to create an uncanny aura. The absence of sound effects until the girls reach the forest focuses the attention of the audience on the characters. Sound effects are introduced immediately after they set foot in the forest. This technique creates a contrast in the girls mood - previously being sinister and silent,Show MoreRelatedThe Crucible Film Analysis1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1996 film adaptation of Arthur Miller’s The Crucible tells us far more about what modern society thinks the puritans are, than what the historic realities were. The film paints a one-sided and reductionist picture of puritan life and relationships, focusing on the themes of religious intolerance and how reputation is connected to the morals of a society. By examining the film on an analytical level, we can pull out larger connections between modern society and the purit an way of life. One ofRead MoreThe Crucible And The Film `` High Noon ``918 Words   |  4 Pages Originally, a person’s honor was determined by society, but the term has evolved to become more personal, or self-evaluated. The primary characters of the play The Crucible and the film â€Å"High Noon†, though varying in certain ways, exhibit this particular â€Å"self-evaluated† honor. In the strict Puritan society presented in The Crucible, John Proctor’s honor is solely dependent on how honest he believes he is. In the Western town of Hadleyville, we are introduced to marshal Will Kane of â€Å"High Noon†Read MoreComparing the Production of the Crucible to the Film Essay1062 Words   |  5 PagesComparing the Production of the Crucible to the Film My task was to compare the production of the crucible to the film. The things I had to compare were lighting, camera angles (only applies to the film), dramatic parts, characters and atmosphere effects. Lighting ======== In the play, at the start, the lighting was used to create a spooky atmosphere, which I thought was very good as the crucible is a spooky play. Lanterns hanging from the ceilings withRead MoreThe Crucible Compare And Contrast Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe Crucible is play by Arthur Miller, made in 1953 and it is about a fictional story of The Salem witch trials that occurred in the late 1600’s. The film, The Crucible, was made in 1996, directed by Nicholas Hytner, and was made to show Millers work on the big screen so it could appeal to the new generation. The film and the text, The Crucible, have numerous similarities, yet in addition the movie will give you a better understanding of Arthur Millers work. Characterization in the play and inRead MoreCrucible Essay Example888 Words   |  4 PagesJustice and The Crucible While justice is meant to be directed with upmost fairness and equality, Arthur Miller’s film The Crucible demonstrates that this does not always succeed, and in many situations the forces of injustices are exposed. From different points of views, justice can be formed or destroyed. In the film The Crucible, Arthur Miller convinces his audience that reason, emotion, and character shows injustice throughout the social hardship in a Puritan community. Justice is one of theRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between The Crucible Movie And Movie711 Words   |  3 PagesArthur Miller’s The Crucible is an iconic piece of literature that was published in the 1950’s. When Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible, the United States was in the middle of the McCarthyism era where innocent people were being accused of treason without the proper evidence (â€Å"Joseph R. McCarthy†). As a result, Arthur Miller became involved and wrote a play to show his beliefs in response to the accusations and haywire going on. Miller used individual characters and portrayed them as a part of hisRead MoreThe Crucible Analysis978 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world over Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. The Crucible is a fictionalized story written by Arthur Miller about the Salem witch trials that took place in Massachusetts Bay Colony during 1692 through 1693. From France to the broadway theaters in New York the The Crucible appears conve ying its message to all who witness this piece of work. The Crucible is still one of Arthur Miller’s most produced plays today.  The Adaptations Behind The Work The Crucible is a fictionalized story written byRead Moregood1737 Words   |  7 Pagesunnecessary changes to plot and some flawed character portrayals, Nicholas Hytner’s 1996 film adaptation of Arthur Miller’s 1953 play, The Crucible, is overall a viable adaptation of Miller’s original work. Many of the directorial changes made by Hytner in creating this screenplay are successful in further emphasising Miller’s central ideas. The characterisation of Abigail Williams is captured appropriately in the film displaying her overall manipulative nature by drawing extensively on the original textRead MoreThe Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay714 Words   |  3 Pagescalled The Crucible I noticed many interesting facts. Many questions as well came to mind. The main question was â€Å"What was the Arthur purpose for writing The Crucible†? Well let’s start of by saying Arthur Miller was a extremely American play writing. Miller born in 1915, but where was his childhood? He grew up in New York with a Jewish family. Arthur Millers’ play went on Broadway at the Martin Beck. This occurred in the year of 1953. The play was called The Crucible. Was The Crucible even one ofRead MoreEvolution Of The Witch From Early American Literature1609 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Literature to Contemporary Film Over time there have been many different stories and adaptations about the monster that is the witch. From one folktale, to a book, to a movie there are slight differences that make each interpretation very unique. The stereotype is, people think that witches have green skin, big noses, and that they fly on brooms with pointy hats. However, if we completely examine the different texts such as The Conjuring or The Crucible, we can see that certain events in

Essay on The Foreign Policy of the USA - 956 Words

The Foreign Policy of the USA Americans viewed themselves as geographically isolated and this made them believe they could withdraw from the rest of the world and focus on their own affairs, notably after the great depression. It meant that the USA avoided being involved in foreign disputes that may lead to war. Americans believed the Pacific and Atlantic oceans protected them. b.) Describe how the US contributed to winning the Second World War. [4] The USA agreed for Britain to receive American armaments immediately but delay a payment after an appeal by Churchill in 1941. As a result of early German successes and Japan being Germanys ally, the U.S cut trade with Japan at a†¦show more content†¦Within six days of the blockade, Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles from Cuba on the conditions that the US didnt invade Cuba and that it removes its missiles from Turkey. As a result, relationships between the two superpowers improved and both emerged of the situation with some credit given by the rest of the world. d.) Why was Vietnam so important in US foreign policy? [8] The USs foreign policy was that it was not to interfere with international foreign affairs and vice-versa. The Vietnamese war represented an affair the US could not easily exit themselves from. Eisenhower and Kennedy helped South Vietnam by supplying them weapons and advisors to help the war as part of their containment policies to stop the domino spread of communism. President Johnson later justified the war as being necessary for economic recovery in the USA. After an attack from North Vietnam, Johnson launched operation rolling thunder and by 1968, 540,000 combat troops were fighting the Vietcong, who were being supported by the Soviets and the Chinese. Due to the tactics of the Vietcong guerrilla fighting, the US had to fight with modern rockets aswell as chemicals like agent orange and napalm; a substance which burned and stuck to the skin. These horrific attacks were televised and it turned middle America against the war. ProtestsShow MoreRelatedThe Usa Foreign Policy Is Que stionable2160 Words   |  9 Pages Many say that the USA foreign policy is questionable because in most cases war is not chosen as a first resort. China and Russia, and international community tried to oust United States from two important US commissions. These new rift opened in 2001 when United States was blamed about inserting their dominance on weaker countries. The US the international community came together to stop this predominance in world affairs (). Is America only intervening when it suits to their self-interest? ThatRead MoreComparative Foreign Policies of Cuba, Costa Rica, and Usa1482 Words   |  6 PagesComparative Foreign Policies of Cuba, Costa Rica, and the U.S.A: The Case of Health Care Policy and Outcomes The United States currently runs an inefficient and expensive healthcare system that provides limited support for its citizens. The problem stems from placing economic benefit miles in front of practical wellness of its people. Other countries, some considered â€Å"third world†, have done the reverse. Ironically, those countries have been internationally recognized over the U.S. when unfoldingRead MoreAssess to the Extend That Foreign Policies of Usa and Britain Forced Japan to Bomb Pearl Harb1827 Words   |  8 Pagesthe view that U.S and British foreign policies in the Paciï ¬ c (1937-41) forced Japan to bomb Pearl Harbor in December 1941 At 7.55am on Sunday, the 7th of December 1941; â€Å"a day that will live in infamy† 1, the ï ¬ rst of two waves of Japanese aircraft launched their fatal attack on the US Paciï ¬ c Fleet, anchored at Pearl Harbor on the Paciï ¬ c island of Oahu. It is difï ¬ cult to place blame for this event on one factor, however it is often asserted that the foreign policies of Allies United States and BritainRead MoreCurrent State Of New Zealand And The United States Of America Essay1512 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States of America (USA), this essay will outline likely future foreign policy choices. Authors such as Mosher and Krauthammer see the rise of China as a threat to the West that must be contained, a view which is not widely accepted. With reference to New Zealand’s recent economic and strategic success this essay will suggest that future foreign policy must work to deepen relations with both countries. New Zealand must not choose between China nor the USA, in stead a broad based approachRead MoreWhy USA Became Involved in Vietnam Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesWhy USA Became Involved in Vietnam Before the Second World War, the region between India and China which now includes Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos was part of the French Empire. During the Second World War, however, Japan controlled Vietnam. After the war, the French tried to take over again but a communist group, the Vietminh wanted independence. During this war of independence the USA became involved as well. This essay will look at the reasons of why they did. Read MoreCastros Cuban Social Revolution Essay examples667 Words   |  3 Pagesconditions. Since Cubas independence in 1901 the United States established rigid foreign controls. The foreign control spanned all aspects of life, including political, economic, and social facets leading the Cuban people to support drastic change in the form of a social revolution. Since Cubas independence the USA had an overwhelming presence in the political forum by instating national policy, supporting certain candidates, and instating their own advisors to Cuba. WithRead MoreThe Foreign Policy Failures of British Governments, 1959 to 19641185 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The foreign policy failures of British governments in the years 1959 to 1964 were due to a lack of realism about Britain’s position in the post-war world The years 1959- 1964 saw the occurrence of several foreign policy failures within British Politics. The failures include the formation and downfall of a rival group to the EEC called EFTA, as well as the occurrence of the Suez showing British the loss of the British Empire which previously allowed Britain to stand as a dominating world power. ThoughRead MoreEritrean FM Appears Without His Chaperon Essay909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Eritrean Foreign Minister and his chaperon, Yemane Ghebreab the presidential advisor were expected to be present. However, the Foreign Minister attended the seminar, his Chaperon, â€Å"No. 7† didn’t. Officials of the Eritrean government have a bad record of violating rules and regulations of their host countries, including the USA. On April 2010, Yemane was among a list of individuals who were considered an â€Å"unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the UnitedRead MoreTo What Extent Was the Spanish-American War a Turning Point in the Development of American Foreign Policy?1224 Words   |  5 Pageswas the Spanish-American War a turning point in the development of American foreign policy? The Spanish-American War of 1898 could be seen as the pivotal point in foreign policy as it marks America’s first engagement with a foreign enemy in the dawning age of modern warfare however, one could also argue that the idea had always existed in American politics. Until the end of the nineteenth century, American foreign policy essentially followed the guidelines laid down by George Washington, in hisRead MoreEssay about The Rise Of The Nuclear Weapon Into A Political Weapon1368 Words   |  6 Pagesnuclear weapon from ultimate weapon to political weapon. USA decided to use the atomic bomb to defeat Japan in order to save around 500.000 lives of American soldiers that were needed to end the war and in the summer 1945 the USA dropped two bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The nuclear weapon raised the confidence of USA but president Truman did not ordered its mass production because at that time he saw no explicit political function for the bomb. USA even tried to internationalize control of the bomb

Soil Behaviour and Geotechnical Modelling Free Essays

(a) Discuss advantages and limitations of Duncan and Chang’s model. Duncan and Chang’s model assumes a hyperbolic stress-strain relation and was developed based on triaxial soil tests. The original model assumes a constant Poisson’s ratio while the revised model accommodates the variation of Poisson’s ratio by means of stress-dependent Poisson’s ratio or stress-dependent bulk modulus. We will write a custom essay sample on Soil Behaviour and Geotechnical Modelling or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Duncan-Chang model is advantageous in analyzing many practical problems and is simple to set up with standard triaxial compression tests. When tri-axial test results are not available, model parameters are also abundantly available in literatures. It is a simple yet obvious enhancement to the Mohr-Coulomb model. In this respect, this model is preferred over the Mohr-Coulomb model. However, it has its limitations, including, (i) the intermediate principal stress s2 is not accounted for; (ii) results may be unreliable when extensive failure occurs; (iii) it does not consider the volume change due to changes in shear stress (shear dilatancy); (iv) input parameters are not fundamental soil properties, but only empirical values for limited range of conditions. (v) the model is mainly intended for quasi-static analysis. (b) Discuss advantages and limitations of Yin and Graham’s KGJ model. Yin and Graham’s KGJ model is formed using data from isotropic consolidation tests and consolidated undrained triaxial tests with pore-water pressure measurement. It provides functional expressions for , , , and relationships in soils. In Duncan and Chang’s model for triaxial stress conditions: may cause volume strain ( dilation and compression) may cause shear strain. Whereas Yin and Graham’s KGJ model: Thus the volume change and shear strain was taken into account, which is an improvement to Duncan and Chang’s model. The limitation of Yin and Graham’s KGJ model may exist in the determination of the parameter and the complexity of its calculation. (c) Discuss the differences between elastic models and hypo-elastic models. For soils, the behaviour depend on the stress path followed. The total deformation of such materials can be decomposed into a recoverable part and an irrecoverable part. Hypoelasticity constitutes a generalized incremental law in which the behaviour can be simulated from increment to increment rather than for the entire load or stress at a time. In hypoelasticity, the increment of stress is expressed as a function of stress and increment of strain. The Hypoelastic concept can provide simulation of constitutive behaviour in a smooth manner and hence can be used for hardening or softening soils. Hypoelastic models can be considered as modification of linear elastic models. However, it may incrementally reversible, with no coupling between volumetric and deviatoric responses and is path-independent. 5.2 Use sketches to explain the physical (geometric) meaning of all 7 parameters (only 5 independent) in a cross-anisotropic elastic soil model (). Figure 5.1 Parameters in cross-anisotropic elastic model – Young’s modulus in the depositional direction; – Young’s modulus in the plane of deposition ; – Poisson’s ratio for straining in the plane of deposition due to the stress acting in the direction of deposition; – Poisson’s ratio for straining in the direction of deposition due to the stress acting in the plane of deposition; – Poisson’s ratio for straining in the plane of deposition due to the stress acting in the same plane; – Shear modulus in the plane of the direction of deposition; – Shear modulus in the plane of deposition. Due to symmetry requirements, only 5 parameters are independent. Assignment 6 (Lecture 6 – Elasto-plastic behaviour): 6.1 (a) Explain and discuss (i) yield, (ii) yield criterion, (iii) potential surface, (iv) flow rule, (v) normality, (vi) consistency condition. (i) The yield strength or yield point of a material is defined in engineering and materials science as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible. In the uniaxial situations the yield stress indicates the onset of plastic straining. In the multi-axial situation it is not sensible to talk about a yield stress. Instead, a yield function is defined which is a scalar function of stress and state parameters. (ii) A yield criterion, often expressed as yield surface, or yield locus, is an hypothesis concerning the limit of elasticity under any combination of stresses. There are two interpretations of yield criterion: one is purely mathematical in taking a statistical approach while other models attempt to provide a justification based on established physical principles. Since stress and strain are tensor qualities they can be described on the basis of three principal directions, in the case of stress these are denoted by , and . (iii) Potential surface is the segment of a plastic potential surface plotted in principal stress space, as shown in Figure 6.1 (a). A two dimensional case was shown in Figure 6.1 (b). (iv) Flow rule: – a scalar multiplier; – plastic potential function; {} – location of surface (a vector), not in the final equation Figure 6.1 Plastic potential presentation (v) Assuming the plastic potential function to be the same as the yield function as a further simplification: The incremental plastic strain vector is then normal to the yield surface and the normality condition is said to apply. (vi) Having defined the basic ingredients of an elasto-plastic constitutive model, a relationship between incremental stresses and incremental strains then can be obtained. When the material is plastic the stress state must satisfy the yield function. Consequently, on using the chain rule of differentiation, gives: This equation is known as the consistency equation or consistency condition. (b) Explain and discuss the associate flow rule and non-associate flow rule and how the two rules affect the volumetric deformation and the bearing capacity of a strip footing on sand. Sometimes simplification can be applied by assuming the plastic potential function to be the same as the yield function (i.e. ). In this case the flow rule is said to be associated. The incremental plastic strain vector is then normal to the yield surface and the normality condition is said to apply. In the general case in which the yield and plastic potential functions differ (i.e. ), the flow rule is said to be non-associated. If the flow rule is associated, the constitutive matrix is symmetric and so is the global stiffness matrix. On the other hand, if the flow rule is non-associated both the constitutive matrix and the global stiffness matrix become non-symmetric. The inversion of non-symmetric matrices is much more costly, both of storage and computer time. As noted, it occurs in a special class of plasticity in which the flow rule is said to be associated. Substitution of a symmetric for all elements in a finite element mesa, into the assembly process, results in a symmetric global stiffness matrix. For the general case in which the flow rule is non-associated and the yield and plastic potential functions differ, the constitutive matrix is non-symmetric. When assembled into the finite element equations this results in a non- symmetric global stiffness matrix. The inversion of such a matrix is more complex and requires more computing resources, both memory and time, than a symmetric matrix. Some commercial programs are unable to deal with non-symmetric global stiffness matrices and, consequently, restrict the typo of plastic models that can be accommodated to those which have an associated flow rule. (c) Explain plastic strain hardening and plastic work hardening or softening. The state parameters, , are related to the accumulated plastic strains . Consequently, if there is a linear relationship between and so that then on substitution, along with the flow rule, the unknown scalar,, cancels and A becomes determinant. If there is not a linear relationship between and , the differential ratio on the left hand side of the above equation is a function the plastic strains and therefore a function of . When substituted, along with the flow rule given, the A’s do not cancel and A becomes indeterminate. It is then not possums to evaluate the []. In practice all strain hardening/ softening models assume a linear relationship between the state parameters and the plastic strains . In this type of plasticity the state parameters}, are related to the accumulated plastic work, ,which is dependent on the plastic strains it can be shown, following a similar argument to that parented above for strain hardening/softening plasticity, that as long as there is a linear relationship between the state parameters }, and the plastic work, , the parameter defined becomes independent of the unknown scalar, , send therefore is determinant. If the relationship between and is not linear, become a function of and it is not possible to evaluate the constitutive matrix. 6.2 Show steps to derive the elastic plastic constitutive matrix [] in (6.16). The incremental total strains can be split into elastic and plastic , componets. The incremental stress, are related to the incremental elastic strains, by the elastic constitutive matrix: Or alternatively Combining gives The incremental plastic strains are related to the plastic potential function, via the flow rule. This can be written as Substituting gives When the material is plastic the stress state must satisfy the yield function. Consequently, which, on using the chain rule of differentiation. This equation is known as the consistency equation. It can be rearranged to give Combining, we can get Where Substituting again So that 6.3 The dimension of a slope is shown in Figure 6.2. Calculate the factor of safety of the following cases: (a) Without tension crack, the properties of Soil (1) are kPa, , kN/m3; The properties of Soil (2) are kPa, , kN/m3 (no water table). (b) With tension crack filled with water, repeat the calculation in (a). (c) Without tension crack, the properties of Soil (1) are kPa, , kN/m3 (below water table) and kN/m3 (above water table); the properties of Soil (2) are kPa, , kN/m3 (below water table) and kN/m3 (above water table). Water table is shown. Figure 6.2 Dimension of the slope and water table (a) Figure 6.3 Model without tension crack or water table Factor of Safety: 1.498 Figure 6.4 Results without tension crack or water table Figure 6.5 Slice 1 – Morgenstern-Price Method (b) Figure 6.6 Model with tension crack filled with water Figure 6.7 Results with tension crack filled with water The safety factor : 1.406 Figure 6.8 Slice 1 – Morgenstern-Price Method (c) Figure 6.9 Model without tension crack but with water table Figure 6.10 Results without tension crack but with water table Factor of Safety: 1.258 Figure 6.11 Slice 1 – Morgenstern-Price Method How to cite Soil Behaviour and Geotechnical Modelling, Papers

Mattel Swot Analysis-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Mattel Confronts and its Marketing Challenge. Answer: Mattel SWOT Analysis The Mattel Corporation is one of the leading toy companies of the world. Like any other organizations, the organization has its strengths analyzed from the case study provided. One of its greatest strengths is its position as one of the leading toy manufacturers of the world. The organization also serves over one hundred and fifty nations of the world. David, (2011) says that the brands and quality of products from the organization are of high quality. There are many scales of opportunity for the organization. It is also present and acts as a global leader; the organization also has a strong chain of supply in addition to its effective competitiveness to other toy companies. Frey (2017) says that hese strengths of the organization make it a highly productive organization and attracts more customers across the world hence its position in the market. The organization also has certain weaknesses that make it vulnerable through its operations. The management team of the organization is weak based on the analysis conducted over the organization. The products from the organization are not safe for use because they are meant for the kids. Some of the products from the organization as reported by researchers are not suitable for use by the children because they might be harmful as presented by Bamousa, (2013). The presence of the organization on the online market has been realized as weak. Most marketing practices for the majority of organizations today are taking place on the online platform. The other factor that has derailed the organization is the fact that it utilizes the cheap labour from the third world nations giving it a bad image. The organization also has its opportunities that would make it better and prepared for the future as the organization continues its operations. One of the opportunities for the organization is to open an innovative platform where new toys and other innovative products would be released by the organization. The other form of opportunity for the organization would be the development of an online market where customers would contact the organization directly. Crittenden and Wilson, (2012; 261) insists that the opening of international markets would help the organization in expanding its services because the dependence on the dollar is growing weak hence unfavourable for the business. The organization should also consider expanding its products and services to other parts of the world and in America as well. However, the organization is faced with certain forms of threat as it operates within America and other parts of the world. The technology used by the organization is cheap and unfavourable for the world whose technology improves by the day according to Campbell, Edgar and Stonehouse, (2013). The development of the economy is as a threatening pace that the slow speed of the organization might not make. The exchange rates of the organization are another threat the organization faces because it needs to improve its exchange rates. The increased competitions in the toy market are the other form of threat for the Mattel Toy industry. The imitations of the organization have also been realized to be cheaper compared to those of other organizations. The SWOT analysis of the organization is based on the analysis of the organization as presented by the case study. Marketing Strategy A marketing strategy is a marketing plan in which all the marketing goals of the organization are put into a single effective plan for the organization as a way of attaining the goals of the organization as mentioned by Peter, Olson and Grunert, (2016; p 122). A marketing strategy therefore, is a system that all organizations should consider making strategies that suit their marketing goals. Marketing Strategy of Mattel Organization Like any other organization, Mattel organization also has its marketing strategy that has been one of its great achievements in the toy market. The organization hires from the local population, retains its employees and promotes them based on their performance for the organization over time. Andersen and Friedrichsen, (2016) mentions that the organization also encourages any opportunities for the local communities within the area hence convinces them to support the organization hence its marketing is made possible locally. Foe a successful organization, it is always in order to ensure that the local populations are involved in the operations of the organization as per Thompson, (2015). The lives of the people, their operations and playing activities for the children especially have been considered by the organization as it tries to involve the societies into its activities. The other strategy used by the organization in marketing is its creation of a culture that motivates respect and expression of various opinions of the public into the practices of the organization. The involvement of the community into the design of certain toys among other activities that the organization takes part in encourages the community into engaging the company products as the organization is mindful of them as represented by Fugate, Kuntze, Matulich, Carter and Kluberdanz, (2014). The organization is assured of the local market by engaging the local people in its activities. The perspective of the organization makes it possible for its diversion in marketing. The other strategy used by the organization is in marketing where it has partnered with various related organizations in ensuring that it receives the necessary support as it becomes competitive in the toy market that has proved to e highly competitive. According to Direction, (2014) though the partnership the organization has decided to build products and provide services that would appeal to the consumers of their products. Because most products and services of the organization target children, it has been advisable to perform continuous research on the services of the organization as a way of ensuring that it engages and appeals to its customers. The products are the definition of the organization hence much attention has been paid to them by the organization. Recommendations Because the world is changing entirely in all its aspects, it is advisable to advise the organization to consider certain adjustments that would ensure that its operations are kept at the top all the time. First, the organization should consider taking advantage of its opportunities such that it utilizes all the chances it has hence improve its marketing chances. In another instance, the organization should examine its weaknesses and make the relevant corrections such as making toys that pose no harm to the children as their primary users. In terms of competition, the organization should ensure that all its practices are in accordance to the ethics of the modern society in order to appeal to its buyers. References AndersenAA89481, A.E. and Friedrichsen, O., 2016. Strategic Analysis and Corporate Valuation of LEGO A/S. Bamousa, W., 2013. Mattel: Overcoming Marketing and Manufacturing Challenge. Campbell, D., Edgar, D. and Stonehouse, G., 2013.Business strategy: an introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. Crittenden, V.L. and Wilson, E.J., 2012. Success factors in non-store retailing: exploring the Great Merchants Framework.Journal of Strategic Marketing,10(4), pp.255-272. David, F.R., 2011.Strategic management: Concepts and cases. Peaeson/Prentice Hall. Direction, S., 2014. Taking the mantle at Mattel.Strategic Direction,18(5). Frey, S., 2017. Case 7: Mattel Analysis. Fugate, J.B., Kuntze, R., Matulich, E., Carter, J. and Kluberdanz, K., 2014. Bratz dolls: responding to cultural change.Journal of Business Cases and Applications,12, p.1. Peter, J.P., Olson, J.C. and Grunert, K.G., 2016.Consumer behavior and marketing strategy(pp. 122-123). London: McGraw-Hill. Thompson, A., 2015. Mattels Warfare in Toyland

The history of labor unions in U.S.

The labor relations system that exists in the U.S today has a historical background dating back from early 1800s. After an in-depth look of the labor history I noted that most events which unfolded over the years altered the course of labor relations in America. Many labor unions were formed in a successive sequence to address the issues and conflicts of their respective members (Rayback, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The history of labor unions in U.S. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though to a lesser extent, the labor unions possessed a degree of similarity in structure, objectives, and strategies. However, many of the distinguishing features among the unions were predominantly the basis of the formation. The most prominent labor movements of the time were the Knights of Labor, The American Federation of Labor (AFL), The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), the latest Congress of Industria l Organization (CIO), among others. My analysis of the historical development encompasses various aspects of unionism, similarities and differences in the operations, and organizational strategies. Save for the AFL, other labor unions promoted the spirit of inclusiveness. For instance, the Knights of Labor enrolled all workers irrespective of their status. It was an umbrella union for the immigrants, women, skilled, unskilled, and even employers (Budd Irwin, 2013). This also applied to the IWW which combined workers from all divides comprising of the skilled and unskilled, young and old, natives and immigrants, white and nonwhite, male and female. Moreover, most unions under the CIO advocated for the empowerment of women at workplaces. Women were encouraged to join unions and even take up certain roles that were key in shaping the culture of unions. Additionally, the unions promoted the education of their members. For example, the Knights of Labor emphasized on the intellectual boo st through education. Likewise, the AFL provided the education and political lobbying although on small margin. Every labor union had a philosophy on which it was constituted. The Knights of Labor worked under the philosophy of uplift unionism. It meant that a union’s mandate was that of elevating the moral, intellectualism, and social welfare of the members. Since the AFL was a federation not a union, its members were labor unions not individual workers. This prompted the adoption of business unionism philosophy.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In contrast to the uplift unionism emphasized an immediate improvements in wages, hours of work, and favorable working conditions. It also accepted capitalism and the collective bargaining negotiations backed up by the threat of strike (Budd Irwin, 2013). The uplift unionism approach strongly opposed the use of strik es and boycotts in resolving employment conflicts. The IWW was formed with an essence of addressing the failures of AFL. It subscribed to the revolutionary unionism philosophy which required the harmonization of the interests of all wage workers against their employers. As a result of industrial revolution, the CIO was founded on the philosophy of industrial unionism. Different labor unions had varying objectives and strategies. One of the aims of the Knight of Labor was to replace the wage system with the producer co-operatives. This was in an effort to restore the perceived lost democracy in the working environments. It was noted that capitalism and wage system degraded the workers in the sense that their values and skills need for a healthy, participative democracy were completely ruined. As for the AFL, its goal was to offer the necessary support for the independent unions in terms of establishing and maintaining the job standards by use of work rules. Unlike Knights of Labor, t he AFL ensured that all union members had explicit rights to manage and control their affairs. Given the conditions that prevailed as at the time of formation, I can confirm that most of the labor unions showed the capabilities of withstanding the turbulent economic times that laid ahead. Some of them had many members translating to an impeccable financial stability. For instance, the AFL provided financial assistance to the striking unions. It was also easy for it to conduct political lobbying on behalf of the member unions. Most unions had power to navigate through hostile legislation regimes. Despite the frequent interruption from the state, the AFL, for example, was not cowed by the involvement of military in breaking the strikes (Budd Irwin, 2013). The success of a majority of the labor unions was due to able leadership and commitment. The leaders had the will, power, and drive in execution of their roles such that the members’ goals and interests were fully achieved. S ome of them even lost their lives as a result of it.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The history of labor unions in U.S. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a critical analysis of the operationalization of key objectives and strategies of the IWW, I learnt that it was destined to fail in the long run. This is because the revolutionary motive on which it was based on had more harms than good not only to the government, but also to the economy at large (Arsene, 2004). Its spirit of inclusiveness fused together with labor radicalism ensued hostility from employers and other labor unions such as the AFL. The downfall of the IWW started after an intense strike by its members protesting over wage cut. The AFL remained strong due to its ability to undertake timely negotiations on wages. It portrayed a picture of a friendly federation to employers because it did not support inclusiveness and labor radicalism. F rom the foregoing discussion, I can deduce that the American labor history is the foundation of the labor unionism of that is being exhibited not only in the American states, but also across the world. The understanding of the ancient labor relations in rejuvenates the mastery of unionism and labor-management relations. References Arsene, E. (2004). The human tradition of the American labor history. Greenhill, U.S.A: Scholarly Resources Inc. Budd, J., Irwin, R. (2013). Labor relations: Striking a balance (4th ed.). New York, U.S.A: Mc Graw-Hill Publisher. Rayback, J. (2008). History of American labor. New York, U.S.A: McMillan Publishing Company. This research paper on The history of labor unions in U.S. was written and submitted by user Sara L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

American Civil War - Battle of Oak Grove

American Civil War - Battle of Oak Grove Battle of Oak Grove - Conflict Date: The Battle of Oak Grove was fought June 25, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders: Union Major General George B. McClellan3 brigades Confederate General Robert E. Lee1 division Battle of Oak Grove - Background: After constructing the Army of the Potomac in the summer and fall of 1861, Major General George B. McClellan commenced planning his offensive against Richmond for the following spring.   To take the Confederate capital, he intended to sail his men down the Chesapeake Bay to the Union base at Fortress Monroe.   Concentrating there, the army would advance up the Peninsula between the York and James Rivers to Richmond.   This shift south would permit him to bypass Confederate forces in northern Virginia and would allow US Navy warships move up both rivers to protect his flanks and help supply the army.   This part of the operation was shelved in early March 1862 when the Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia struck Union naval forces at the Battle of Hampton Roads. Though the danger posed by Virginia was offset by the arrival of the ironclad USS Monitor, efforts to blockade the Confederate warship drew off Union naval strength.   Slowing marching up the Peninsula in April, McClellan was fooled by Confederate forces into laying siege to Yorktown for much of the month.   Finally continuing the advance in early May, Union forces clashed with the Confederates at Williamsburg before driving on Richmond.   As the army neared the city, McClellan was struck by General Joseph E. Johnston at Seven Pines on May 31. Though the fighting was inconclusive, it resulted in Johnston being severely wounded and command of the Confederate army ultimately passed to General Robert E. Lee. For the next few weeks, McClellan remained inactive in front of Richmond allowing Lee to improve the citys defenses and plan a counterattack. Battle of Oak Grove - Plans: Assessing the situation, Lee realized that McClellan was forced to divide his army north and south of Chickahominy River in order to protect his supply lines back to White House, VA on the Pamunkey River.   As a result, he devised an offensive that sought to defeat one wing of the Union army before the other could move to provide aid.   Shifting troops into place, Lee intended to attack on June 26.   Alerted that Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons command would soon reinforce Lee and that enemy offensive action was likely, McClellan sought to retain the initiative by striking west towards Old Tavern.   Taking the heights in the area would permit his siege guns to strike at Richmond.   To accomplish this mission, McClellan planned to attack along the Richmond York Railroad in the north and at Oak Grove in the south. Battle of Oak Grove - III Corps Advances: The execution of the assault at Oak Grove fell to the divisions of Brigadier Generals Joseph Hooker and Philip Kearny from Brigadier General Samuel P. Heintzelmans III Corps.   From these commands, the brigades of Brigadier Generals Daniel Sickles,  Cuvier Grover, and John C. Robinson were to leave their earthworks, pass through a small but dense wooded area, and then strike the Confederate lines held by the division of Brigadier General Benjamin Huger.   Direct command of the forces involved fell to Heintzelman as McClellan preferred to coordinate the action by telegraph from his headquarters in the rear.   At 8:30 AM, the three Union brigades commenced their advance.   While Grover and Robinsons brigades encountered few problems, Sickles men had trouble clearing the abatis in front of their lines and then were slowed by the difficult terrain at the headwaters of White Oak Swamp (Map). Battle of Oak Grove - A Stalemate Ensues:               Sickles issues led to the brigade falling out of alignment with those to the south.   Recognizing an opportunity, Huger directed Brigadier General Ambrose Wright to advance with his brigade and mount a counterattack against Grover.   Approaching the enemy, one of his Georgia regiments caused confusion among Grovers men as they wore red Zouave uniforms which were thought to only be used by some Union troops.   As Wrights men halted Grover, Sickles brigade was repulsed by Brigadier General Robert Ransoms men to the north.   With his attack stalling, Heintzelman requested reinforcements from McClellan and informed the army commander of the situation.    Unaware of the specifics of the fighting, McClellan ordered those engaged to withdraw back to their lines at 10:30 AM and departed his headquarters to inspect the battlefield personally.   Arriving around 1:00 PM, he found the situation better than anticipated and ordered Heintzelman to renew the attack.   Union troops moved forward and regained some ground but became entangled in an inconclusive fire fight that lasted until nightfall.   In the course of the battle, McClellans men only managed to advance about 600 yards. Battle of Oak Grove - Aftermath: McClellans final offensive effort against Richmond, the fighting at the Battle of Oak Grove saw Union forces suffer 68 killed, 503 wounded, and 55 missing while Huger incurred  66 killed, 362 wounded, and 13 missing.   Undeterred by the Union thrust, Lee moved forward with his planned offensive the next day.   Attacking at Beaver Dam Creek, his men were ultimately turned back.   A day later, they succeeded in dislodging Union troops at Gaines Mill.   Beginning with Oak Grove, a week of constant fighting, dubbed the Seven Days Battles, saw McClellan driven back to the James River at Malvern Hill and his campaign against Richmond defeated.       Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Seven Days BattlesCWSAC Battle Summaries: Oak GroveHistory of War: Battle of Oak Grove

Increase Team Effectiveness Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Increase Team Effectiveness - Research Proposal Example Everybody had different ideas and we all wanted to get our point across. We could not even come to an agreement during this first meeting on the different topics each would be working on. An initiative of mine that was approved during this meeting was the creation of a schedule of meetings. We made a rule that if at least 3 members were available for the meeting it would be realized if 50% were absent the meeting would be canceled. I thought we did accomplish good brainstorming and we got to know each other. We deviated a bit from the business talk and learned about each other life’s. We got along pretty good on the personal level, but as the business unit, it seemed we were not clicking yet. There was no clear leader in the group and since there was a bit of a power struggle we decide it would be best not to give any member the official team leader nomination. Maybe this was a mistake. A team works better when it was clear directions. Many companies utilize the team leader organizational structure as a tool to increase the efficiency of the various teams working in different areas of the business. The importance of the team leader can be seen more clearly in the role he plays in the decision-making process. The list below provides some a list of functions the team leader realizes. In our second meeting, some important tasks were accomplished. Each team member knew what they would be writing about. We stipulated a deadline for final submission. I noticed in this second meeting the same trend as in the first one. A lot of talk about things not related to the project.

Business Issues in Business Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Issues in Business Intelligence - Essay Example vels of a corporation to more simply access, identify, evaluate, collaborate, and perform operations on information, anywhere and anytime (TechTarget; Microsoft). Though, many business intelligence tools work fine and help organizations take better decisions. They provide exact targets, graphs, drill-through and drill-downs. However, a great deal of work in an operational data warehouse system entails processing of data collected from different operational systems into the data warehouse. In this process of decision making and making intelligible decisions, there exist many problems regarding ETL (extraction, transformation and loading). In other words, while collecting huge amount of data from different sources we can face many issues regarding ETL. These issues can also influence the overall quality of decisions and business operations. In addition, ETL can entail substantial complexity and significant operational problems those can take place due to improperly designed ETL systems that can eventually influence the performance of BI system’s working and operations (Scott). The successful implementation of BI requires plenty of data analysis and evaluation. In this scenario we need to assess the quality of data in predicting the results. On the other hand, data warehouses are normally assembled from a mixture of data sources with different formats as well as purposes. In this scenario, ETL is a key process to bring the entire data together in a standard and uniform structure. In case a problem happens to ETL process overall working and operations of the corporate decision support can be exaggerated. In addition, it will lead to ineffective and lower quality results. Moreover, major issues in ETL can include: (Kimball and Caserta; Kimball and Ross, The Data Warehouse Toolkit: The Complete Guide to Dimensional Modeling, 2nd Edition) The presence of any of the above listed issues can affect the implementation of business intelligence. These issues can also lead

Identity analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Identity analysis - Essay Example This is something significant in that the difference is nothing more than just race and colour. Statistics constantly brings in the fact that women are more likely to be poor than men. In fact, women are more susceptible and more exposed to hunger because of the universal subordination and gender discrimination they contend with in education, healthcare, employment, and in controlling resources and political authority. Although violence against women is existent across all economic groups, women who are suffering from poverty experience it more frequently and they have less possessions or means with which to deal with the situation. Poverty among women is a global truth that reveals itself differently from one country to another; nevertheless, the factors and figures in global gender discrimination are blindingly comparable: gender disparities in wages, work-related discrimination, dangerous employment conditions, and uneven necessities in household and childhood care among others. B y and large, this social development in terms of gender has aided in the explosion of feminist movement. My case is not only a contention of how Hispanic women are being represented – and just because I am a Mexican – but it is about the subordination of women on the sole basis of gender and how this has caused social stratification and elitism. Rummaging through the vast array of literature, I have found a strong resemblance in Hua Mulan, a fictitious character who made a resounding message throughout the world by proving that women can do what men can do. Hua Mulan disguised herself as a man to be allowed to join the Imperial army in order to protect their community. Hua Mulan then became an icon not just within the context of the text in which she has been storied, but even in various forms of media. Her valiant determination to join the army despite her femininity – she’s short, skinny, and very demure – was an index to the changing roles of wo men during her time. Women during her time were expected to stay at home as wife or helper and nothing more. For someone who has no background or anything about the character and the film in general, Hua Mulan may appear to express connotations beyond Chinese traditions. Her figure encourages an act to decode the essence of translatability. Today, an increasing proportion of the world’s population suffering from poverty signified women. Women as an object of gender criticism, extreme subordination, and social stratification established the specious ontology of women, which happens to have defined the belief of the kind of society dominated by paternal mentality. This implies a striking reality that the feminization of poverty continues to become a concerning truth. The mainstream media has described women in myriads of way. As aforementioned, these descriptions have formed the false ontology of what is supposed to be the bearer of burden and icon that signified bravery and ch ange. Violence According to various studies, a great majority of women are victims of human trafficking that is manifested in various forms such as prostitution, which is considered to be the most common and widespread form of human trafficking (UNICEF 11). This then contributed to the way women became interpretant of weakness. Worsening of living conditions usually forces children to quit school in order to help the family survive, placing them susceptible to exploitation and violence. For instance, some young girls in Zimbabwe are trading sex in exchange for food for

The Guildford Four And Other Miscarriages Of Justice Law Essay

The Guildford Four And Other Miscarriages Of Justice Law Essay An overview in light of how the criminal justice system has changed in relation to miscarriages of justice. As defined in the book Miscarriages of Justice, a miscarriage means literally a failure to reach an intended destination or goal. A miscarriage of justice is therefore, mutatis mutandis, a failure to attain the desired end result of justice. The issue of miscarriages of justice has always been discussed, either as a legal, political or social issue. It has been such a vital issue that it provoked the appointment of the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice and many other changes in the English legal system, which shall be discussed in due course. It maintains being a legal issue due to the several rights at risk that are potentially affected by the operation of the criminal justice system, including  [2]  humane treatment (Art 3), liberty (Art 5), privacy (Art 8), fair trials (Art 6) and even the very right to existence (Art 2) in those jurisdictions which operate capital punishment. During the 1970s Great Britain had to face a wave of vicious attacks committed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). In response to the public outrage against the bombers, the Government introduced the Prevention of Terrorism Act 1974 (PTA) which gave new powers to the police to arrest on suspicion of terrorism, and to detain suspects for up to five days without charge.  [3]  It was clear that the police were under enormous pressure to capture the IRA bombers who had brought the war to Britain. Unfortunately, this led to numerous arrestings and convictions of innocent people. CASE STUDIES: The Guildford Four and the Maguire Seven were the first to be arrested and questioned under the new powers of PTA 1974. They were arrested for alleged involvement on behalf of the IRA, in the bombings of pubs in Guildford and Woolwich which killed five people and injure over a 100. On 22 October 1975, the Guildford Four Gerald Conlon, Paul Hill, Patrick Armstrong and Carole Richardson were convicted of murder, before Justice Donaldson and a jury of conspiracy. They were all given life sentences. An appeal against conviction failed in 1977, despite the fact that other IRA defendants awaiting trial  [4]  had claimed responsibility. However, in 1987 fresh evidence came to light following enquiries carried out by the Avon and Somerset police, which prompted a reference by the Secretary of State for the Home Department  [5]  to have the Guildford Four case reviewed. It was discovered that typescripts and notes of interviews had been tampered with; confessions were obtained under duress and detention sheets falsified. These matters brought into question the whole foundation of the prosecution case which had relied on the confessional evidence of the four defendants. After 15 years of imprisonment, the convictions were successfully appealed and their innocen ce was proved in October 1989. The outcome of the Guildford Four appeal immediately prompted the reconsideration of the case of Anne Maguire and the members of her family  [6]   the Maguire Seven- who were convicted in 1976, of being the source of the explosives used in the bombings.  [7]  Their sentences were quashed in 1992, although by then all had served their time, apart from Patrick Conlon who had already died in prison. The Court of Appeal reluctantly overturned the convictions because new evidence about the possibility of innocent contamination cast substantial doubt on the scientific evidence at trial that the defendants had been in contact with explosives.  [8]   The next blow to the publics faith in the criminal justice system was by the Birmingham Six case.  [9]  The Courts judgment  [10]  is an official testament to one of the most notorious miscarriages of justice in British legal history. In 1974, six men Hugh Callaghan, Gerard Hunter, William Power, Patrick Joseph Hill, Richard McLlkenny and John Walker- were convicted of bombings in two Birmingham pubs. The bombing caused more deaths than any other IRA incident in Britain.  [11]  The prosecution evidence rested upon three factors: confessions, which the accused claimed had been coerced and beaten out of them; forensic tests, which the accused claimed were essentially unreliable and had been performed unsatisfactorily; and highly circumstantial evidence, such as their links to known Republicans. New evidence was referred back to the Court of Appeal in 1988; even then the Court was unpersuaded. However, further revelations about the police fabrication of statements and new u ncertainties about the quality of the forensic tests ultimately resulted in their release in 1991. As mentioned earlier, that outcome provoked the establishment of the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice. In The Conscience of the Jury (1991), Lord Devlin wrote that together the miscarriages in the cases of the Guildford Four, the Maguire Seven and the Birmingham Six were the greatest disasters that have shaken British justice in my time. Another unfortunate case of miscarriage of justice which involved the IRA occurred in 1974, when Judith Ward was convicted for handling bombs which resulted in twelve deaths.  [12]  Her conviction was quashed by the Court of Appeal in 1992 because of the prosecutions failure to disclose material to the defence, which was supported at the time of the appeal by fresh psychiatric evidence and cast substantial doubt on the reliability of her confessions.  [13]   Another case arising from Irish terrorist activities concerned the Armagh Four Neil Latimer, Alfred Allen, Noel Bell and James Hegan-  [14]  who were members of the UDR, who were convicted of the murder in Armagh. After referral back to the Court of Appeal in 1992, Allen, Bell and Hegan were all freed because it was clear that the police had tampered with the evidence. It is evident that quite a few of miscarriages of justice have concerned Irish terrorist cases. The Irish terrorism trials stand out as having involved some of the most intense flaws in the English criminal justice system and as being the most vulnerable to error. There are probably two reasons for their prominence.  [15]  Firstly, special powers in the Prevention of Terrorism Act 1974 made abuses easier to commit, and more difficult to detect. Secondly, miscarriages are more likely because of the nature of these cases. In such prosecutions, the criminal justice system is under pressure by the desire to be seen to be taking effective action against terrorists.  [16]  This is probably why miscarriages seem so hard to remedy an acquittal becomes particularly costly to the State in terms of damage to its reputation. Various recognised cases of miscarriages of justice from the 1970s were not just confined to Irish terrorism. In 1976, Stefan Kiszko was convicted of murdering an eleven-year-old girl.  [17]  His conviction was quashed in 1992. Other infamous cases include those of the Tottenham Three  [18]  and the convictions in 1990 of the Cardiff Three,  [19]  for murder, which were overturned in December 1992 on referral to the Court of Appeal. Each of the abovementioned cases was a stain on the national stability of the United Kingdom, and a shocking reminder to the public that the English criminal justice system is imperfect. Such cases also raised many questions about police procedure and put doubts in many minds of the public as to the honesty of the police service. There were accusations that the police used beatings, intimidation, duress and threats against family and friends to derive illicit confessions from the accused. Numerous miscarriages of justice have come to light in the last few years, a few notorious ones having been mentioned above. But there are still many people in prison who proclaim their innocence to this day. Having overviewed a few cases of miscarriages of justice, the rest of this project will consider why such injustice occurs, what changes have been made to the law to prevent it, and whether these changes have rendered such tragedies impossible or whether there is a need for a more radical reform of the English criminal justice system. WHY DO CASES OF MISCARRIAGES OF JUSTICE OCCUR? As seen in previous cases, some of which have been discussed above, miscarriages of justice may result from a variety of causes. Problems begin arising from the very first meeting with the police to the very end of entanglement with the State, when machinery to reopen problematical judgments has been shown to be unfair and inappropriate.  [20]   There are a few common features which have been found to be present in most cases of miscarriages of justice, which led to the case being a miscarriage. However, it must be kept in mind that these features may not be the only reasons as to why miscarriage of justice occurs. The most obvious danger of a case being one of miscarriage of justice is the fabrication of evidence which was found to be an issue in the cases of the Birmingham Six,  [21]  Tottenham Three,  [22]  Armagh Four,  [23]  Darvell Brothers  [24]  and several West Midlands cases. Also, both the police and lay witnesses may prove to be an unreliable source when attempting to identify an offender as found to be the in cases of Luke Dougherty and Laslo Virag.  [25]  The evidential value of expert testimony has also been overestimated in a number of instances such as in the cases of the Maguire Seven,  [26]  Birmingham Six,  [27]  Judith Ward  [28]  and Stefan Kiszko  [29]   where it lat er emerged that the tests being used were unreliable, that the scientists conducting them were inefficient or both. Another common factor has been unreliable or false confessions as a result of being coerced by police pressure, duress, psychological or mental instability or a combination of all. Examples of these may be found in the cases of the Guildford Four,  [30]  Birmingham Six,  [31]  Judith Ward,  [32]  Tottenham Three  [33]  and Cardiff Three  [34]  cases. The non disclosure of significant evidence by the police or prosecution to the defence may be a further issue. The investigation of a case is by reliance on the police. Yet several cases, in particular the Guildford Four,  [35]  Maguire Seven,  [36]  Darvell Brothers  [37]  and the case of Judith Ward  [38]  illustrate that the police, forensic scientists and prosecution cannot be relied upon fairly to pass on evidence which might be helpful to the accused. Sometimes, as it has been alleged in the case of the Birmingham Six,  [39]  the conduct of the trial may produce miscarriages. For example judges may sometimes favour the prosecution evidence rather than acting as impartial umpires. Lastly but not the least, the presentation of defendants in a prejudicial manner- such as labeling a person as a terrorist- is also a problem in some scenarios.  [40]  As mentioned earlier, these are only a few of the common reasons as to why miscarriages of justice occur. Now that we have seen what is likely to cause miscarriages of justice and a few examples of it, this project shall now provide an overview of the changes that have been made in the criminal justice system in order to prevent such misfortunes from happening again. REFORMS: Successive governments have put into practice a number of important measures to prevent further miscarriages of justice. Most prominent, perhaps, is the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, and the Codes of Practice that accompany it. The creation of an independent, national prosecuting authority the Crown Prosecution Service   [41]  in 1986 has also been of fundamental significance to reducing the risk of miscarriages of justice. Another major reform was the establishment of the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice in 1993 and the Criminal Cases Review Commission that it recommended. The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 has also assisted in the prevention of miscarriages of justice. Although reforms have been made by the government to prevent miscarriages from happening, some people such as Paddy Hill of the Birmingham Six, are unconvinced that such legislation is enough. He told BBC News Online: Justice is something that is not on this governments curriculum. Therefore, apart from legislative changes and reforms in the criminal justice system, there has also been the formation of independent organisations, such as JUSTICE, Miscarriages of Justice Organisation (MOJO) and innocent projects by the name of Innocence Network UK (INUK) which have helped bring to the light many cases of miscarriages of justice. Investigative television programmes have also been of help to victims of miscarriages of justice in the past. How the abovementioned legislation and organisations work, and whether these methods have been effective or not to prevent cases of miscarriages of justice shall now be discussed in more detail. Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 Many miscarriages of justice cases arose before the PACE Act 1984 came into effect in 1986. This is because in the pre-PACE era, it was easy for the police to commit offences while investigating a case and get away with it, due to the absence of a statute such as PACE. The aim of the 1984 Act was to create a balance between the powers of the police and members of the public. PACE provides safeguards during police questioning, supported by strict Codes of Practice, made under s.60 and 66. It also gives detectives strict rules on the handling of evidence and on how long the police can question suspects for and insists that interviews be taped to ensure there was no mistreatment or any other form of intimidation. Safeguards such as these are in no doubt, assisting in the prevention of injustice. Crown Prosecution Service The separation of investigative and prosecution functions through the creation in 1986 of an independent, national prosecuting authority -the Crown Prosecution Service-  [42]  has also been of fundamental significance to reducing the risk of miscarriages of justice. The CPS was established under the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985, to prosecute criminal cases investigated by the police in England and Wales. Previously the police forces were responsible for the prosecution of such cases. However, in 1981, the Royal Commission recommended to the government that an independent prosecution authority should be introduced which would prevent police forces setting up independent prosecution departments so as to avoid having the same officers investigate and prosecute cases. Due to the separation of investigative and procedures it is less likely for miscarriages of justice to occur. Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act (CPI) 1996 During a criminal investigation, a large amount of evidence is gathered by the police including witness statements, forensic results, and confession statements etc. Not all of this evidence is shown at the time of the actual trial; much of is not even be admissible. However, some of the evidence gathered may undermine the prosecution case, and therefore be of interest to the defence. There have been a few cases such as the Guildford Four, Maguire Seven, Darvell Brothers and Judith Ward, where the prosecution deliberately failed to disclose evidence that was vital to the defence. In order to regulate the disclosure procedure, the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act (CPI) 1996 was brought into effect. The CPI Act puts the burden on the police to disclose all evidence to the defence that they think might weaken their case. This process is overseen by the Crown Prosecution Service. Royal Commission on Criminal Justice Since 1907, when the Court of Criminal Appeal was created, the Home Secretary had a statutory power  [43]  to refer to the Court of Appeal, if he thinks fit, any case in which a person had been convicted on indictment and had exhausted all other methods of an appeal. The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice (RCCJ) was established the day the Birmingham Six convictions were quashed in 1991 by the then Home Secretary, to inspect the efficiency of the criminal justice system in England and Wales.  [44]  The Commission was set as continuation of Sir John Mays inquiry into the false convictions of the Guildford Four and Maguire Seven. In 1993 the Royal Commission reported and recommended to the Parliament that the Court of Appeal must be more ready to examine possible miscarriages of justice.   It also recommended the transfer over responsibility for the review of alleged miscarriages, from the Home Office to an independent non-departmental public body.  [45]  As a result of this recommendation, the Criminal Cases Review Commission was established. Criminal Cases Review Commission From the recommendation of the Royal Commission and through the enactment of the Criminal Appeal Act (CAA) 1995, the Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC), became fully operational on 31 March 1997.  [46]  The jurisdiction of the Commission extends to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.  [47]  The CCRC is completely independent and impartial and does not represent the prosecution or the defence. The CCRCs statutory role and responsibilities are set out in the Criminal Appeal Act 1995 which involves reviewing suspected miscarriages of justice and referring a conviction, verdict or finding or sentence to an appellate court. The CCRC has wide-ranging investigative powers and can obtain and preserve documentation held by any public body. It can also appoint an Investigating Officer from another public body to carry out inquiries on its behalf. Applicants to the CCRC must focus their case on new evidence or argument that was not raised in the initial proceedings and as a result may cast doubt on the safety of an original decision. They can also challenge their sentence if they can show a new point of law or information relating to the sentence was not raised during the trial.  [48]  The CCRC refers a case to the appellate court if it considers there to be a real possibility that the conviction would not be upheld. There is no appeal against a decision of the CCRC, however a judicial review claim can be made to the high court to examine whether the CCRCs decision was unlawful.  [49]   The Commission has been the under considerable scrutiny for the way in which it deals with its applications. Criticisms of the Commission relate to the failure to interview more than a small proportion of applicants; to the insufficiency of communication with applicants and their representatives; and to alleged deficiencies of investigation, among other matters.  [50]   Although the CCRC is much better, than having no such body at all, to deal with issues of miscarriages of justice (as was the case before), it is still inadequate. JUSTICE JUSTICE is an independent legal human rights organisation which was founded in 1957. It works to improve the legal system and the quality of justice, in particular by promoting human rights, improving the legal system, criminal justice system and the access to justice. Ever since it was founded, JUSTICE has received requests for help by, and on behalf of, prisoners alleging miscarriages of justice in their cases. Some miscarriages of justice cases brought to light by JUTICE have provided investigations into the criminal justice system which resulted in reports urging reform. For example the Criminal Appeals (1964), Home Office Reviews of Criminal Convictions (1968), The Prosecution Process in England and Wales (1970), Evidence of Identity (1974) and Compensation for Wrongful Imprisonment (1982).  [51]  Several reforms have also taken place due to the influence of JUSTICE reports including reforms of police powers under the PACE Act 1984, and the forming of the CPS. Innocence projects Innocence projects  [52]  are a conjunction between university students, solicitors and barristers who investigate cases of alleged wrongful convictions, on a pro bono basis. The project seeks to uncover cases that are evident of the failings with the criminal justice system. Innocence Network UK (INUK) is the organisation for innocence projects based in UK universities, which was set up in 2004, to give help and hope to potentially innocent victims of wrongful conviction or imprisonment who have exhausted the appeals system and legal aid services. There are 23 member projects at universities across England, Wales and Scotland, with others being formed. Most of the cases they look into involve prisoners serving life or long-term sentences for serious offences, in particular murder, rape and GBH. According to the INUK, the CCRC is not doing a good job of referring cases of alleged or suspected miscarriage of justice back to the appeal courts. This is because; the public was under the impression that the CCRC referred cases in the interests of justice; however due to the way its rules have been set out, that was not the case. Some innocent victims of wrongful conviction were not referred back to the appeal court simply because they did not meet the required criteria, as happened in the recent case of Neil Hurley.  [53]   Television programmes The emergence of investigative television programmes such as Rough Justice  [54]  and Trial and Error  [55]  have previously helped to overturn a number of miscarriages of justice cases. These shows filmed enthusiastic journalists who pursued cases in detail in order to uncover such cases. Due to the impact of these shows, politicians and members of the public campaigned to pressurise the Home Secretary to refer cases back to the appeal courts. With the creation of the CCRC, however, such cases are no longer given as much importance and are no longer a major political issue. Such cases are now dealt with behind closed doors. If such media attention and support from politicians is once again provided, it will help a great deal in cutting down the number of cases of wrongful imprisonment. It may be concluded from this project, that miscarriage of justice indeed does exist in our criminal legal system. It is affecting the lives of many innocent people. Even when miscarriages of justice are corrected, they remain terrible personal tragedies which come back to haunt the innocent victims who have been through the whole ordeal. Gerry Conlon of the Guildford Four has had two breakdowns, an attempted suicide and a struggle with addiction after 15 years of imprisonment. Others have equally miserable stories to tell. Any amount of compensation may not be enough for those who have been wrongfully convicted and whose lives have been destroyed.  [56]   The ever-present dangers of mistakes in the criminal justice system are reflected in the often repeated sentiment that It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer.  [57]  One must keep in mind that reforms have been made by the government and help has been provided by the members of the public to avoid or reduce such unjust incidents from recurring. Although the truth is bitter, it is of no use to anticipate that such miscarriages will altogether be eliminated in any way,  [58]  no matter how robust our criminal legal system is. This is because it is not just the English criminal justice system which is under this constant state of crisis, but this is the case in all other countries which operate legal systems. In order to prevent the numbers of cases of miscarriages of justice from increasing, the legal system must accept this reality and should take interest in identifying mechanisms which can reduce these cases. Further improvements to reforms or legislation must be considered as an ongoing struggle, to ensure that such misfortunes do not increase. Cases that are evident of the failings in the criminal justice system must be uncovered and lessons must be learnt from them in order to protect other such innocents from going through this injustice. Also, the victims of miscarriages of justice and members of the public must be reassured by the criminal legal system that that the possibility of such crisis occurring is less, rather than more, likely. One must not only hope that such injustice is reduced rather than increased, but also help campaign to take strict actions against such misfortunes. Who knows who the next innocent victim of miscarriage of justice might be? It could be you. Miscarriages of justice corrode respect for legal institutions. As a society we are finally learning that it is less damaging to admit mistakes than to pretend that they never happened. Nothing enhances justice more than the rigorous pursuit of error.  [59]  

The Literary Use of Religion by John Smith and William Bradford Essay e

The Literary Use of Religion by John Smith and William Bradford Religion plays a major role in the day to day lives of the early settlers in America. So much so, that early colonial writers use it as a form of literary persuasion. John Smith and William Bradford were two such writers. Smith and Bradford use religion as a literary tool to persuade the reader towards their own interests. There are similarities and differences in the motivation to use religion by these two authors, yet the use is still prevalent in their writings. The reasons for these similarities and differences are found in the greater interest of each individual author. John Smith and William Bradford use divine guidance as an explanation for the reasons of their journeys. Smith uses the providence of God to justify his placement at Jamestown. Smith writes in â€Å"The General History of Virginia†: â€Å"But God the guider of all good actions, forcing them by extreme storm to hull all night, did drive them by his providence to their desired port, beyond all their expectations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (27). Smith also alludes to the journey to America being a good action in the eyes of God. So much so, that God calls upon his powers and produces a huge storm to place them where God wishes. Bradford uses the necessity of spreading the word of God (Christianity) to explain one of the reasons for his voyage to America. He writes â€Å"Lastly (and which was not least), a great hope and inward zeal they had to laying some good foundation†¦for ...